Driving Laws in North Dakota - Complete Guide
Current information, rules, and requirements for international drivers
Quick Facts - North Dakota
| Driving Side | Right |
|---|---|
| Steering Wheel | Left |
| Speed Units | mph |
| Minimum Driving Age | 16 |
| Car Rental Age | 21-75 |
| Seat Belt Required | |
|---|---|
| Blood Alcohol Limit | 0.08% |
| IDP Required | No |
| Toll Roads | |
| Emergency Number | 911 |
Introduction
Driving in North Dakota offers a quintessential American plains experience, characterized by wide-open spaces, long straight highways, and relatively light traffic. For international tourists, navigating the Peace Garden State by car is one of the most rewarding ways to explore its natural beauty, from the rugged Badlands of Theodore Roosevelt National Park to the endless golden fields of wheat and sunflowers. Traffic drives on the right-hand side of the road, and vehicles have the steering wheel on the left side, which is standard across the United States. The official currency is the US Dollar ($), and most transactions, including fuel purchases and toll payments, are conducted electronically via credit or debit card. While major cities like Fargo, Bismarck, and Grand Forks have public transportation options, renting a car is essential for visiting rural attractions and understanding the state's expansive character. The road network is generally well-maintained, though drivers should be prepared for dramatic weather shifts, particularly harsh winter conditions that can transform driving conditions rapidly between October and April.Is It Easy to Drive There?
Driving in North Dakota is generally very easy due to light traffic, a simple grid-based road network, and excellent highway signage. The greatest challenge for tourists is the sheer scale of distances between towns and the potential for rapidly changing weather conditions. Interstate 94 and Interstate 29 are the primary high-speed corridors, while rural two-lane highways offer scenic but isolated routes. In urban areas like Fargo and Bismarck, traffic can increase during rush hours but rarely compares to congestion in larger US metropolitan areas. Winter driving demands significant caution, as snow, ice, and whiteout conditions can make roads treacherous. Tourists should always check weather forecasts, carry emergency supplies, and ensure their rental vehicle is equipped with all-season or winter tires when traveling between November and March.Driving Side
In North Dakota, vehicles drive on the right-hand side of the road, with overtaking performed on the left. The steering wheel is positioned on the left side of the vehicle, consistent with the United States standard. International visitors from countries where driving is on the left, such as the United Kingdom, Australia, or Japan, should take extra time to adjust, particularly at intersections, when turning, and when entering roundabouts. A helpful mental reminder is to always keep the center line of the road nearest to the driver's side of the vehicle.Speed Limits
| Road Type | Speed Limit | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Urban/Residential Areas | 25 mph (40 km/h) | Default limit unless otherwise posted; school zones reduced to 15-20 mph when lights flashing |
| Rural Two-Lane Highways | 65 mph (105 km/h) | Standard for undivided rural roads; may be reduced in gravel sections |
| Divided Highways/Expressways | 70 mph (113 km/h) | Applies to four-lane divided highways outside urban areas |
| Interstate Highways | 75 mph (121 km/h) | Maximum limit on I-94 and I-29 in rural areas; reduced to 55-65 mph near cities |
Seat Belt Laws
Seat belt use is mandatory for all front-seat occupants in North Dakota. The law requires the driver and every front-seat passenger to wear a properly adjusted seat belt at all times when the vehicle is in motion. Rear-seat passengers aged 18 and older are not legally required to wear seat belts under North Dakota state law, though it is strongly recommended for safety. Children under 18 must be properly restrained in all seating positions, including the rear seats. The seat belt law is a primary enforcement law, meaning law enforcement officers can stop and ticket a driver solely for a seat belt violation without observing any other traffic offense. Fines for non-compliance start at $20 for a first offense, though no points are assessed against the driver's license.Child Seat Rules
North Dakota child passenger safety laws require children under eight years of age to be properly secured in a child restraint system, such as a car seat or booster seat, unless the child is at least 57 inches (4 feet 9 inches) tall. Infants and toddlers under two years old and weighing less than 30 pounds must ride in a rear-facing car seat. Children aged two to four years who have outgrown the rear-facing seat should use a forward-facing car seat with a harness. Booster seats are required for children under eight who are less than 57 inches tall. Once a child reaches eight years old or 57 inches in height, they may use a standard adult seat belt. Vehicles equipped with the LATCH (Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children) system, known internationally as ISOFIX, are widely available in rental vehicles. Exemptions exist for taxis and emergency vehicles.Drink Driving Laws
North Dakota enforces a legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit of 0.08% for drivers aged 21 and over, consistent with federal guidelines. For commercial vehicle operators, the limit is stricter at 0.04%. Drivers under 21 are subject to a zero-tolerance policy, with a legal limit of 0.02% BAC, effectively prohibiting any alcohol consumption before driving. A first-offense DUI (Driving Under the Influence) conviction carries penalties including a fine of $500 to $2,000, mandatory participation in an addiction evaluation, and a license suspension of at least 91 days. A second offense within seven years results in a mandatory minimum of 10 days in jail, fines up to $3,000, and a two-year license revocation. Refusing a chemical test triggers an automatic license suspension under the state's implied consent law. Open containers of alcohol are prohibited in the passenger compartment of any vehicle on public roads.Mobile Phone Rules
North Dakota law prohibits texting while driving for all drivers, and this is enforced as a primary offense, allowing officers to stop a driver solely for this violation. The use of a handheld mobile phone to make calls is not banned statewide for adult drivers, but it is strongly discouraged. Hands-free devices, including Bluetooth earpieces and integrated vehicle systems, are permitted and recommended. Drivers under the age of 18 are prohibited from any use of a mobile phone or electronic communication device while driving, including hands-free operation, except in emergencies. GPS and navigation apps may be used if mounted on the dashboard or windshield in a location that does not obstruct the driver's view. Fines for texting while driving can reach $100 for a first offense.Required Documents
- Valid driver's license from home country
- International Driving Permit (IDP) recommended for non-English licenses
- Passport for identification
- Valid visa or ESTA authorization for entry into the United States
- Rental car agreement and reservation confirmation
- Proof of insurance coverage (typically included in rental agreement)
- Vehicle registration document (provided by rental agency)
- Credit card in the driver's name for rental deposit
International Driving Permit (IDP)
North Dakota does not legally require International Driving Permits for foreign visitors driving with a valid driver's license from their home country, provided the license is in English. If the license is not in English, an IDP is strongly recommended as a certified translation to accompany the original license. The IDP must be obtained in the driver's home country before travel and cannot be issued in the United States. The American Automobile Association (AAA) is the only authorized issuer of IDPs in the US, but this is not relevant for visitors who should secure theirs before arrival. Law enforcement officers have discretion, and carrying an IDP can simplify interactions during traffic stops. Visitors may drive on their foreign license for up to one year from their date of entry into the United States.Road Signs
North Dakota road signs follow the standardized Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) used throughout the United States. Key signs include:
- Stop Sign: Red octagon with white letters, requires a complete stop at the marked line or before entering the intersection.
- Yield Sign: Inverted red and white triangle, requires slowing and giving right-of-way to crossing traffic.
- Speed Limit Sign: White rectangular sign with black lettering indicating the maximum legal speed.
- No Entry/Do Not Enter: Red circle with white horizontal bar, typically placed at freeway exit ramps to prevent wrong-way entry.
- School Zone: Pentagonal yellow-green sign with silhouettes of children, indicating reduced speed limits during school hours.
- Deer Crossing: Yellow diamond with a deer silhouette, warning of high wildlife crossing areas, particularly common across North Dakota.
- Road Closed/Flooding: Temporary orange signs frequently deployed during spring flooding, especially in the Red River Valley.
Toll Roads
North Dakota has very few toll roads compared to other US states, making driving affordable and straightforward. There are currently no major toll highways or toll bridges operated by the state. Certain border crossings, such as the Peace Garden International Bridge connecting North Dakota to Manitoba, Canada, may charge a toll for crossing. The toll for passenger vehicles is approximately $3.00 CAD (approximately $2.20 USD) for the Dunseith-Boissevain crossing. Payment is typically collected in cash, though policies may vary. The absence of electronic toll transponder systems like E-ZPass means visitors do not need to worry about acquiring toll tags for driving within the state's borders. Always carry some small-denomination US and Canadian currency when planning cross-border travel.Fuel Stations
Fuel stations in North Dakota are readily available in cities and along major interstates, but can be sparse in rural areas, particularly in the western Badlands region. Regular unleaded petrol (gasoline), diesel, and E85 ethanol blends are widely available. North Dakota is a major ethanol-producing state, so E85 is common and often cheaper than regular gasoline. Electric vehicle charging stations are growing in number, with Tesla Superchargers and ChargePoint stations concentrated in Fargo, Bismarck, Grand Forks, and along I-94. Most fuel stations operate 24 hours in larger cities, though rural stations may close in the evening. Average fuel prices are approximately $3.20 per gallon for regular unleaded (approximately $0.85 per liter), and $3.80 per gallon for diesel (approximately $1.00 per liter).Parking Rules
Parking in North Dakota is generally abundant and inexpensive compared to larger US cities. In downtown Fargo and Bismarck, metered street parking is common, with rates averaging $0.50 to $1.00 per hour. Parking is typically free on weekends and after 5:00 PM on weekdays in most municipal lots. Downtown Bismarck operates the Parkmobile app for digital payment at designated lots and meters. Time-limited free parking zones exist in many commercial areas, often with a two-hour maximum. Overnight street parking is prohibited in some cities during winter months, particularly from November 1 to April 1, to facilitate snow removal operations. Accessible parking spaces for persons with disabilities require a valid ADA placard. Parking fines range from $10 for an expired meter to $100 for parking in a fire lane or accessible space without authorization.Roundabout Rules
Roundabouts are increasingly common in North Dakota, particularly in newer residential developments and near schools in cities like Fargo and West Fargo. Vehicles within the roundabout always have the right-of-way, and entering vehicles must yield until there is a safe gap in circulating traffic. Drivers should stay in their lane throughout the roundabout and not change lanes while inside. When approaching a multi-lane roundabout, select the appropriate lane based on the intended exit: use the left lane for left turns or U-turns, and the right lane for right turns or straight through. Always use the right turn signal when preparing to exit the roundabout, giving other drivers clear indication of your intentions. Never stop inside a roundabout except to avoid a collision.Winter Driving
Winter driving in North Dakota demands thorough preparation and caution. While the state does not mandate the use of winter tires or snow chains on passenger vehicles, they are highly recommended for safe travel between November and March. All-season tires with adequate tread depth are the minimum standard expected for rental vehicles. North Dakota experiences severe winter weather including blizzards, black ice, and whiteout conditions that can close interstates, particularly I-94 and I-29, with little notice. Drivers must carry an emergency winter kit containing blankets, a flashlight, non-perishable food, water, a first-aid kit, jumper cables, and a bag of sand or cat litter for traction. North Dakota law requires headlights to be on whenever windshield wipers are in use. During snow emergencies, municipalities may declare snow routes where parking is prohibited to allow for plowing.Low Emission Zones
North Dakota does not currently have any low-emission zones or restricted traffic areas for high-emission vehicles. The state has a small population and excellent air quality, and there are no urban areas required by the Environmental Protection Agency to implement emissions-based access restrictions. Electric and hybrid vehicles face no additional fees or restrictions, and many municipalities are expanding free or reduced-cost EV charging infrastructure. The absence of vehicle emissions testing requirements statewide further underscores the regulatory environment, which prioritizes practicality over emissions restrictions. Visitors driving diesel or older gasoline vehicles will encounter no special environmental access barriers anywhere in the state.Traffic Fines
| Violation | Fine (USD) | Additional Penalties |
|---|---|---|
| Speeding (1-10 mph over limit) | $10 - $50 | No points for minor infractions |
| Speeding (11-20 mph over limit) | $50 - $150 | Points assessed on license |
| Speeding (21+ mph over limit) | $150 - $300 | Possible license suspension |
| Texting While Driving | $100 | Primary offense, may increase insurance rates |
| Seat Belt Violation | $20 | No points assessed |
| DUI First Offense | $500 - $2,000 | License suspension 91+ days, possible jail time |
| Running a Red Light | $50 - $150 | Points assessed |
| Parking in Accessible Space | $100 - $250 | May require court appearance |
Driving Tips for Tourists
- Always carry an emergency winter kit with blankets, food, water, and traction aids when traveling between October and April.
- Watch for deer and wildlife, especially at dawn and dusk; North Dakota has one of the highest deer-vehicle collision rates in the country.
- Fill your fuel tank before heading into rural areas; gas stations can be 50 miles apart in the western part of the state.
- Check the North Dakota Department of Transportation website or app (ND Roads) for current road conditions and closures before long drives.
- Be aware that gravel roads are common in rural areas and can become impassable after heavy rain or spring thaw.
- Reduce speed dramatically during blizzard conditions; whiteouts are a leading cause of multi-vehicle accidents on I-94.
- Do not drive through flooded roadways; flash flooding in the Red River Valley in spring can sweep vehicles away.
- Carry cash or a credit card for fuel purchases, as some rural stations may not have functioning card readers at pumps.
- Allow extra travel time in summer for road construction; orange cones and reduced speed zones are widespread in July and August.
- Respect farm machinery on rural roads; slow-moving vehicles displaying an orange triangle emblem have the legal right to use public roads.
Renting a Car
Renting a car in North Dakota requires the driver to be at least 21 years old, though most major rental companies impose a minimum age of 25 without a young driver surcharge. Drivers aged 21 to 24 can typically rent but will pay a daily surcharge of $25 to $35 per day. A valid driver's license and a major credit card in the driver's name are mandatory; debit cards may be accepted with additional identification and a credit check. Basic liability insurance is included in all rentals, but collision damage waiver (CDW) is highly recommended and costs an additional $10 to $25 per day. Fuel policies are generally full-to-full, requiring the vehicle to be returned with a full tank. Airport locations at Hector International Airport in Fargo, Bismarck Municipal Airport, and Grand Forks International Airport offer the widest selection of vehicles. Average daily rental rates for a standard sedan range from $45 to $75 per day. One-way rentals are available between North Dakota locations but may be limited across state lines. Four-wheel-drive or all-wheel-drive vehicles are recommended and widely available for winter bookings.Frequently Asked Questions
Yes, you can drive with a valid foreign driver's license for up to one year from your entry into the United States. If your license is not in English, it is strongly recommended to also carry an International Driving Permit (IDP) as a certified translation.
No, North Dakota does not legally require an IDP for foreign visitors. However, if your license is not printed in English, an IDP is highly recommended to facilitate communication with law enforcement and rental agencies.
The legal drinking age is 21. The BAC limit is 0.08% for drivers over 21, 0.04% for commercial drivers, and 0.02% for drivers under 21 under the zero-tolerance policy.
There are no state-operated toll roads in North Dakota. The only tolls you may encounter are at some Canadian border crossings, which charge a small fee for bridge crossing.
Yes, automatic transmission vehicles are the overwhelming standard in the US, including North Dakota. Manual transmission vehicles are rare in rental fleets and typically must be specially requested.
The maximum speed limit on rural interstates like I-94 and I-29 is 75 mph (121 km/h). This reduces to 55-65 mph when approaching urban areas.
Parking can be paid using coins or credit cards at street meters, or through the Parkmobile smartphone app available in cities like Bismarck and Fargo. Most municipal lots are free on weekends and evenings.
Yes, winter driving from November to March can be extremely hazardous due to snow, ice, blizzards, and whiteout conditions. A winter survival kit, all-season or winter tires, and constant weather monitoring are essential.
Traffic citations issued to foreign drivers must be paid or contested. Payment can typically be made online, by mail, or in person at the court listed on the ticket. Unpaid tickets can lead to license suspension and issues with future US entry.
Basic liability insurance is included, but rental agencies offer collision damage waiver (CDW) at $10-$25 per day. Check if your travel insurance or credit card provides rental car coverage before declining CDW.
No, gas stations can be very sparse in western and rural parts of the state. It is advisable to fill your tank whenever you are at half capacity and before venturing into remote areas like the Badlands.
Texting while driving is illegal for all drivers. Hands-free calling via Bluetooth is permitted for adults, but drivers under 18 are prohibited from all phone use, including hands-free.
Driving is on the right-hand side of the road, and the steering wheel is on the left side of the vehicle, consistent with all US states.
No, North Dakota has no low-emission zones, vehicle emissions testing requirements, or any access restrictions based on vehicle emissions anywhere in the state.
All transactions are conducted in US Dollars ($). Credit and debit cards are widely accepted at fuel stations, rental agencies, and for parking payments.